急需一篇经济类英文文章，有翻译更好，3000字以上
To solve the "three rural issues" the national economic and social development of the important position （题目） To solve the "three rural issues" the national economic and social development of the important position 16 big reports to solve the problem of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" in the national economy and social development in the important position, and made an important deployment for the rural economy flourish. Implement 16 big spirits, quicken the development of rural economy, in addition to economic work itself, should also be around the center, to do a good job of manifold. This article only talent team construction in the development of rural economy, grass-roots democracy and the legal system, and the transformation government function, work way talk about superficial view. First, to strengthen the construction of rural talent team Deng xiaoping in 1992 when inspecting southern once pointed out: "socialism with Chinese things can be done, and can stick to the reform and opening to the outside world, can a bit faster economic development, countries can stability, in a sense, the key lies in the people." The scientific theory, pointed out the importance of talent issues. To speed up the development of rural economy, the work reorganization, the key lies in the talented person, is to bring up a qualified team of village cadres and professional and technical personnel team. 1. To build a qualified team of village cadres In the development of rural economy, village cadres has a very important role. Take the lead in labor to get rich, they should not only physically, but to lead the schiscosomiasis residents ran off; Should not only committed to the development of collective economy, but also do a good job in the school, pays special attention to the social order and family planning, deal with various conflicts happen in villagers, all aspects of tasks assigned by superior. Village cadres responsibility is significant, a difficult task, and therefore should have higher cultural ideological quality and strong ability to work. The reality? In a backward economy and culture village, village cadres team in a number of people is not qualified or not qualified. One is the cultural quality and work ability is poor, even exists by illiteracy and semiliterate as the phenomenon of village cadres. 2 it is to work the lack of initiative, the frontline, muddle along; Some even oppressed villagers, extorting bribes, occupy the collective property. 3 it is older, poor physical quality. The urgent requirement to strengthen the construction of village cadres team. In the construction of qualified team of village cadres, the prominent problems, one is lack of the rural talent; Secondly, high quality and strong capability of most of the villagers were happy to go out by public works, or working at home to get rich, rather than when the village cadres. According to the above problem, attention should be paid to the following work: one is the selected staff of county and township party and government organs, surplus cadres to counting, the village committee office, retain their original level, treatment, arranged work after term expires, outstanding person give priority to promote use. 2 it is in the distribution of college graduates, selection of outstanding young into the civil servants in accordance with the program, then sent to the schiscosomiasis. Both for the village cadres to increase the vigor and vitality, and train the reserve force for township and village cadres. Three from the rural middle school graduates, demobilized soldiers among the people, go out the works, selecting talents, the party school of learning examination into the city, county, in the school of old technical secondary school education after sent back to the local business. Four is on the basis of economic development, raise the economic benefits of village cadres, amply rewarded
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For outstanding contributor, give outstanding cadres with special difficulties more subsidies or benefits, and the work of village cadres to give more understanding and support. In this way, can arouse the enthusiasm of existing work of village cadres, but also to attract talented people into the village cadres team. 2. The construction of professional and technical personnel team At present, except a handful of developed areas, rural areas there are desperately short of professional and technical personnel problems, restricted the development of the economy. Without the guidance of the scientific and technical personnel, demonstration, adjust the agricultural structure; it will be difficult to receive effect Didn't understand technical and management personnel to participate in, the township and village enterprises is difficult to run, also hard to do well. In real life, such examples abound. Construction of rural professional and technical personnel team, first of all, to the problem in the long term, to pay special attention to the foundational work, namely the compulsory education. Now, there are a number of students in rural area is not finished reading junior middle school, the school farming or go out to work, the situation is worrisome. Suggest governments and education departments at all levels to seriously examine investigations, authenticity, seriousness of the problem of clear, study and formulate measures, strengthen law enforcement of compulsory education. Second, to deepen the reform of education system, develop vocational and technical education in rural areas. To expand the scale of college of agriculture and forestry colleges, increasing enrollment; Reform the teaching content and teaching methods; Improve the system of the distribution of the graduates. Once again, to do a good job of adult farmers vocational and technical training. Suggested that organized by relevant government departments, regularly or not regularly held various non-profit agricultural practical techniques training; Organize experts to rural compulsory consultation. At the same time, the agricultural technology extending stations earnestly work; Do a good job in radio and television in the seminar program, let farmers to spend less and benefit. Finally, to encourage the professional and technical personnel in the city, going to the countryside educated youth, LingBan agricultural products processing enterprises, LingBan farms, forest farms, animal farms, orchards, etc., in the development of rural enterprise to also get development. In this regard, the government should formulate feasible preferential policies, and the typical advanced strongly and weigh award. Second, to strengthen the construction of rural grassroots democracy and legal system To strengthen the construction of rural grassroots democracy and legal system, to realize rural political civilization, is the comprehensive construction socialism new countryside a important task, is the important guarantee of rural economic prosperity. Because this part of the work done well, can form good rural social order, to realize rural political stability, make the farmers to live and work in peace and contentment, and thus to promote the development of rural economy. Conversely, ignoring the democracy and legal system construction, is inevitably spawns and intensify the contradictions, cause interpersonal tensions, especially the masses, petition, abusive, deterioration of public security and thus the interference and damage agricultural production, rural construction. As deng xiaoping said: "no democracy, no socialism, there would be no socialist modernization." China's rural grassroots democracy is the villagers self-government. In practice, this system demands do: village cadres elected by the villagers. Major problem is decided by the villagers assembly or villagers' representatives meeting to discuss; Establish village regulations to realize villagers' self-management; Village affairs to enhance supervision of the villagers. Practice has proved, do a good job in the village
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急求一篇经济类英文文章 翻译后能达到5000字就行（带上中文翻译）
Macroeconomics is a sub-field of economics that examines the behavior of the economy as a whole, once all of the individual economic decisions of companies and industries have been summed. Economy-wide phenomena considered by macroeconomics include Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and how it is affected by changes in unemployment, national income, rate of growth, and price levels.
In contrast, microeconomics is the study of the economic behaviour and decision-making of individual consumers, firms, and industries.
Macroeconomics can be used to analyze how to influence government policy goals such as economic growth, price stability, full employment and the attainment of a sustainable balance of payments.
Macroeconomics is sometimes used to refer to a general approach to economic reasoning, which includes long term strategies and rational expectations in aggregate behavior.
Until the 1930s most economic analysis did not separate out individual economics behavior from aggregate behavior. With the Great Depression of the 1930s, suffered throughout the developed world at the time, and the development of the concept of national income and product statistics, the field of macroeconomics began to expand. Particularly influential were the ideas of John Maynard Keynes, who formulated theories to try to explain the Great Depression. Before that time, comprehensive national accounts, as we know them today, did not exist .
One of the challenges of economics has been a struggle to reconcile macroeconomic and microeconomic models. Starting in the 1950s, macroeconomists developed micro-based models of macroeconomic behavior (such as the consumption function). Dutch economist Jan Tinbergen developed the first comprehensive national macroeconomic model, which he first built for the Netherlands and later applied to the United States and the United Kingdom after World War II. The first global macroeconomic model, Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates LINK project, was initiated by Lawrence Klein and was mentioned in his citation for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 1980.
Theorists such as Robert Lucas Jr suggested (in the 1970s) that at least some traditional Keynesian (after British economist John Maynard Keynes) macroeconomic models were questionable as they were not derived from assumptions about individual behavior, although it was not clear whether the failures were in microeconomic assumptions or in macroeconomic models. However, New Keynesian macroeconomics has generally presented microeconomic models to shore up their macroeconomic theorizing, and some Keynesians have contested the idea that microeconomic foundations are essential, if the model is analytically useful. An analogy might be that the fact that quantum phisics is not fully consistent with relativity theory doesn´t mean that realtivity is false. Many important microeconomic assumptions have never been proved, and some have proved wrong.
The various schools of thought are not always in direct competition with one another - even though they sometimes reach differing conclusions. Macroeconomics is an ever evolving area of research. The goal of economic research is not to be "right," but rather to be accurate. It is likely that none of the current schools of economic thought perfectly capture the workings of the economy. They do, however, each contribute a small piece of the overall puzzle. As one learns more about each school of thought, it is possible to combine aspects of each in order to reach an informed synthesis.
The traditional distinction is between two different approaches to economics: Keynesian economics, focusing on demand; and supply-side (or neo-classical) economics, focusing on supply. Neither view is typically endorsed to the complete exclusion of the other, but most schools do tend clearly to emphasize one or the other as a theoretical foundation.
• Keynesian economics focuses on aggregate demand to explain levels of unemployment and the business cycle. That is, business cycle fluctuations should be reduced through fiscal policy (the government spends more or less depending on the situation) and monetary policy. Early Keynesian macroeconomics was "activist," calling for regular use of policy to stabilize the capitalist economy, while some Keynesians called for the use of incomes policies.
• Supply-side economics delineates quite clearly the roles of monetary policy and fiscal policy. The focus for monetary policy should be purely on the price of money as determined by the supply of money and the demand for money. It advocates a monetary policy that directly targets the value of money and does not target interest rates at all. Typically the value of money is measured by reference to gold or some other reference. The focus of fiscal policy is to raise revenue for worthy government investments with a clear recognition of the impact that taxation has on domestic trade. It places heavy emphasis on Say's law, which states that recessions do not occur because of failure in demand or lack of money.
• Monetarism, led by Milton Friedman, which holds that inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon. It rejects fiscal policy because it leads to "crowding out" of the private sector. Further, it does not wish to combat inflation or deflation by means of active demand management as in Keynesian economics, but by means of monetary policy rules, such as keeping the rate of growth of the money supply constant over time.
• New Keynesian economics, which developed partly in response to new classical economics, strives to provide microeconomic foundations to Keynesian economics by showing how imperfect markets can justify demand management.
• Austrian economics is a laissez-faire school of macroeconomics. It focuses on the business cycle that arises from government or central-bank interference that leads to deviations from the natural rate of interest.
• Post-Keynesian economics represents a dissent from mainstream Keynesian economics, emphasizing the role of uncertainty and the historical process in macroeconomics.
• New classical economics. The original theoretical impetus was the charge that Keynesian economics lacks microeconomic foundations -- i.e. its assertions are not founded in basic economic theory. This school emerged during the 1970s. This school asserts that it does not make sense to claim that the economy at any time might be "out-of-equilibrium". Fluctuations in aggregate variables follow from the individuals in the society continuously re-optimizing as new information on the state of the world is revealed. Later yielded an explicit school which argued that macro-economics does not have micro-economic foundations, but is instead the tool of studying economic systems at equilibrium.
宏观经济学是一种分场经济学的行为,研究是在整个经济中,一旦所有的个人的经济决策,为公司和产业被。宏观经济学认为经济现象包括国内生产总值(GDP)以及它是如何变化影响失业的国民收入的)经济成长率、价格水平。
相反,微观经济学研究的就是经济行为和决策的个体消费者,公司和行业。
宏观经济学可以用来分析如何影响政府的政策的目标,比如经济增长,价格稳定,充分就业和获取可持续国际收支差额。
宏观经济学有时用来指一个经济理论的主要途径,包括长期战略的期望和理性综合行为。
直到30年代为止,大部分的经济分析没有独立的个人经济综合行为举止。与1930年代的经济大萧条,遭受了在所有发达国家,发展国民收入的概念和产品的统计数据,但是研究领域的宏观经济学开始扩展。具有特殊影响力的想法是,约翰•梅纳德凯恩斯理论,努力向他们解释制定了经济大萧条。在那时候,综合国民经济核算,如同我们知道他们今天,是不存在的。
经济学的一个挑战是一场斗争调和宏观经济政策和微观经济政策,模型。开始于20世纪50年代,macroeconomists发达micro-based模型的宏观经济行为(如消费函数)。1月Tinbergen荷兰经济学家第一个全面发展国家宏观经济模型,该模型他第一次建成为荷兰和后应用于美国和英国二战之后。第一个全球宏观经济模型,沃顿计量预测伙伴联系工程项目,发生在劳伦斯发起克莱恩和被提及他的嘉奖经济学诺贝尔经济学奖1980年。
理论家如罗伯特·卢卡斯认为(是在上世纪70年代),认为至少有一些传统的凯恩斯(英国经济学家约翰梅纳德凯恩斯)宏观经济模型都是可疑的,因为他们不是来源于假设的个人行为,虽然现在还不清楚这些失败在微观经济的假定,或是对宏观经济模型。然而,最新凯恩斯主义的宏观微观模型提出了大致以支持他们的宏观经济理论有争议,一些凯恩斯主义者的想法,微观经济基础是必要的,如果模型是分析有用的。打个比方可能是,这样的事实,即量子phisics并不完全符合相对论´,并不代表没有realtivity是假的。许多重要的微观经济假设从来没有被证明,而有些人的证明是错误的。
各种各样的思想学派并不总是在彼此的直接竞争,尽管他们有时会达到不同的结论。宏观经济学是一种前所未有的领域的研究。研究经济学的目标不是"正确",而是是精确的。很有可能是学校目前尚无一个经济思想完全捕捉运作方式的经济。不过,他们的贡献每一小块整体难题。当你学会更多关于每个思想学派,它能把方面的每一个为了达到一个通知的合成。
传统的区别是留给经济学两种不同的方法,重点凯恩斯经济学和供方需求;(或古典)经济学、关注供应。也都是典型的观点完全排除其他,但大多数学校都往往清晰地强调一个或另一个是的理论基础。
•凯恩斯经济学交融在总需求,以解释失业率和商业周期。商业周期波动,应减少通过财政政策(政府花费或多或少根据实际情况)和货币政策。早期凯恩斯主义的宏观经济学是“活动家,定期使用《召唤的政策稳定资本主义经济,虽然有些凯恩斯主义要求使用收入政策。
•供给的经济学的作用很明显地在当前货币政策与财政政策。关注于货币政策应该是完全对价格的钱所确定的货币供应的需求的特点,为了金钱。它提倡货币政策,直接目标钱的价值,不目标利率。典型的钱的价值在于用参考金或其他参考。财政政策的重点是提高政府农业投资价值的收入为一个明确的认识税收的影响在国内贸易。它设置了过度强调了说的法律,它表明不会发生经济衰退需求下降、因为没有缺钱。
•货币主义的带领下,由弗里德曼,认为始终通货膨胀是一种货币现象。财政政策拒绝,因为会导致“挤退”的私人生活。此外,它不希望对抗通货膨胀或通货紧缩采用主动需求管理在凯恩斯经济学,通过货币政策规则,即坚持的增长速度恒定的钱。
凯恩斯•新经济发达的部分原因是为了适应新古典经济学、致力于提供凯恩斯现代经济学的微观经济基础显示出了市场的不完善就能名正言顺的需求管理等。
•奥地利经济学是个自由放任主义的学校的宏观经济。它侧重于商业周期,而政府或中央银行的干扰导致偏离自然失业率的兴趣。
•Post-Keynesian经济学所代表了凯恩斯经济学主流的作用,强调历史过程中不确定性和宏观经济。
•新古典经济学。原理论动力的费用是凯恩斯经济学缺乏有效的微观经济基础——亦即其断言不成立于基本经济理论。这所学校出现在20世纪70年代。这所学校断言它是没有道理的主张经济会随时out-of-equilibrium”。波动的总变量遵从的在这个社会的个人不断re-optimizing新信息的状态的世界就会显现出来。后来取得了一个显式学校一样,认为宏观经济学没有微观经济基础,反而学习经济系统的工具在平衡。
求一篇关于中国经济的论文3000字 没啥具体要求 只求能抄就行 好的话给50分 别嫌少 各位大大给力啊
我 国经济建设议案论文伴随计划经济体制向市场经济体制转换过程中的政府职能转变蕴含着两种类型：一是改变管理方式和手段，政府作为促进经济发展的主体组织的地位并未发生根本性变化；二是政府退出作为经济资源配置主体的地位，由以经济建设为中心转变为以社会事业为中心，GDP、财税增值率等并不成为考核政府政绩的直接指标，相反，过去未引起高度重视的提供公共产品、公共服务的项目，如安全、就业、保障、环保等成为评判政府业绩的主要尺度，以人为本的经济社会协调发展的理念得以真正贯彻。 我国改革开放30年来，政府职能的转变基本上属于第一种类型。转变的重点是：政府在坚持以经济建设为中心的过程中，积极引进市场机制，并在发挥市场配置资源作用的同时，改变政府运作经济的方式，即从直接管理为主转向间接管理为主。由于这一转变适应了我国经济发展的客观需要，因而带来了国家面貌的显著变化。然而，即使是第一种类型的政府职能转变，也不能估计得太高，只是处于初级阶段，转变的任务仍然十分繁重。特别是中西部地区，只是处于启动阶段。从主观上看，观念的转变明显滞后。如果不是仅仅看宣传口号，而是深入体验上下群体文化，在一些地区，不仅计划经济的观念、行为方式，而且封建意识、积习依然根深蒂固。从客观上看，企业素质差、市场欠发育、适应市场经济的管理人才严重缺乏等等，可谓政府职能转变步履艰难。因此，总体而言，第一种类型的政府职能转变目前还是我国政府改革的艰巨任务，政府作为推动经济发展的主体之一的角色在大部分地区暂时还难以根本改变。 着眼于经济运行的现实，目前政府转变职能应更多地表现为分阶段的理性退出。即：(1)退出企业生产经营活动；(2)退出经营性投资主体地位；(3)退出消费采购者身份(政府采购通过市场组织实现)；(4)退出产业调节者角色等。目前，以上四种退出尽管总体上均不尽如人意，但相比较而言，第一、二种退出力度较大，并且在不断深化和规范。第三种退出也在逐步推进。如国务院已颁布《国务院关于投资体制改革决定》，明确提出，政府投资主要用于关系国家安全和市场不能有效配置资源的经济和社会领域。即使是对投资项目的审批，也明确规定：对于企业不使用政府投资建设的项目，一律不再实行审批制，区别不同情况实行核准制和备案制。困难最大的是第四种退出，现在总体上还未提到议事日程。客观而言，这里体现着如前所述的发展阶段制约，目前若各级政府均退出产业调控极易导致经济发展受到影响甚至衰退的后果。 三、“又好又快”发展的文化生态 无论是适度、持续的增长，还是产业升级和制度创新，从更深层次去观察，均离不开文化的重塑，这至少包涵：理性文明的消费文化；激励、支撑的产业升级文化；促进改革的制度文化。 1.理性文明的消费文化。自1998年以来我国历次宏观调控过程中，反复强调着一个要求或目标：扩大最终消费需求。这至少发出两个信号：一是决策层已将立足于内需，尤其是立足于消费需求作为促进经济持续增长的长期、根本的战略；二是“消费不足”已经成为困扰经济发展的顽症。 “消费不足”作为一种社会经济现象，导致的因素无疑是多方面的，可从经济制度构建、经济政策设计去寻思对策，但文化影响更为深层。制约消费的文化影响至少体现在信仰影响、人文影响、时尚影响、变迁影响、节俭影响和情绪影响6个方面： 消费支出中的信仰影响具有普遍性。信仰是社会稳定发展的伴生物。从百姓的视角看，随着收入水平的提高，对精神生活的需求也愈来愈高，其中就内含着信仰支出提升的趋势。因此，无论是个人，还是社会，信仰消费始终是增量，在这里，若消费不足只是表明缺乏科学引领。人文影响主要表现为受人的自身素质提高和传统文化以及普适性人文关怀制约所派生的消费行为。首先，社会发展对人的素质提出愈来愈高的要求，其中文化素养越来越受到重视。人们不仅在教育孩子过程中更加注重文化支出，培养人文情操，自身在生活工作中也逐渐增加文化消费，并将此视为提高生活质量之必需。其次，传统文化被视为民族精神和道德传承愈来愈影响人们的消费行为。如民族风俗消费等。此外，随着文明水平的提高，社会人文关怀的消费支出也不断上升，包括在社会慈善、扶贫、帮学等各种捐助过程中日益增长的各类消费。时尚消费是一定社会群体相对稳定的消费倾向。消费中的时尚实质上是一种精神现象，因而时尚消费归根到底是文化消费。时尚消费一般具有审美性、跟从性和弃旧性特征。审美性展示对消费美感的创建和引领，如着装中的“款式”变动与人们对美的追求息息相关。在这里，着装样式实际上成为一种价值符号，既体现时代对美的理念赋予的新内涵，又展示人们在生活中对美的创造行为，因而是人类文明演进的重要组成部分。所谓跟从性是指时尚消费群体中存在着不具有独立审美意识和自我审美标准的人们，他们的时尚消费是“随行就市的”。弃旧性是时尚消费标志性特征。时尚只有在弃旧中才能得以体现。时尚性消费总是使特定时空中的消费品成为“过时”，并使其价格明显下降。与此同时，新一轮的时尚消费物予以替代。变迁影响是指随着消费水平、消费层次普遍提高而产生的消费压力 2.激励、支撑的产业升级文化。转变发展方式，推动产业升级是否需要特定的文化生态？这往往是经济学人忽略的。其实，支撑产业升级的文化生态至少涉及民族精神、知识产权观念、品牌意识等。这里仅就民族精神作些讨论。 民族情结、国家意识，这是目前世界各国普遍具有的精神现象，对于无国家意识或相反者至少被认为是另类。当然，极端的民族主义从本质上看也是对理性国家意识和民族精神的背叛。因此，这里存在着介于两种极端意识(国家、民族冷漠主义和极端民族主义)之间的理性国家与民族精神。这种精神至少包括以下特征：其一，具有爱国主义的激情。说到底，激情来自于发自内心深处的“爱”，它警示劣根，但包容不足；它期盼国家、民族能融入世界文明，能在世界文明前进的进程中步步赶上甚至走向前列，并能为此而牺牲自我。其二，在以国家利益为最高利益的前提下，选择符合法制，有利于促进经济社会发展的价值判断和行为举措。 所谓群体意识，即指对于某种行为的判断并非是个别现象，而是被多数人甚至是绝大多数人认同。认为某种行为方式发生对于维护国家、民族利益总体上是有益的、必须的，即使在特定时期民众付出了一定的代价。因此，就爱国主义、民族精神而言，判断是否属于肯定的领域，有无群体意识特征是重要的标志。 时代性往往与国家意识、民族精神表现形式相联系，如封建社会的时代性通常表现为反抗帝国主义的入侵和农民起义反抗封建统治。当资本主义的列强逐渐退出历史舞台，通过经济行为表现爱国主义、民族精神成为主要状态，如贸易保护、国内主要产业和市场保护等。与此同时，民众自发地通过消费选择来维护国家经济安全逐渐成为重要的形式，尤其在经济全球化过程中，一些发展中国家由于在国际竞争中常常居弱势，爱国的民族情结与经济活动、产业发展更加紧密地相连也在情理之中。 3.促进改革的制度文化。转变政府职能固然是推进改革的先决条件，但不是改革的最后目标，深化改革的重点就在于真正建立并能予以实施的一系列适应经济社会发展的制度。然而，无论是制度的建立，还是制度的实施均离不开文化的支撑。以现代企业制度为例，之所以自1993年提出，历经15年艰苦探索，至今依然不能到位，重要根源之一就是深层的文化障碍。以公司制为典型形式的现代企业制度并非土生土长于中国，而是起源于欧美。1600年建立的东印度公司是其最早的组织形态。出资人在外，依靠职业经理人代理经营所依托的文化只能是法治文化、公开透明文化以及诚信文化等。恰恰是这种制度文化在我国确立十分艰难。 从更广阔的视角看，制度与文化本身就不可分割，制度改革与文化创新无法脱节。无论是领导体制、组织结构还是管理制度，从与文化的内在联系观察，可用三句话来表达，即基于文化、表明文化和体现文化，因而在制度构造时，必须考虑相应的文化对应和水准。基于文化意味着制度构筑于特定的文化土壤之上，不同的制度依托于不同的文化背景。表明文化是指具有创造性的制度本身就是文化的重要成果。文化本来就内含着制度文明。制度适应经济社会发展而变更或调整、完善的轨迹就是人类文明进步的过程，也是社会整体文化前进的象征。体现文化强调制度的任何一个部分都能展示理念，设计制度时，必须考虑文化理念的整体配套。 结论 从“又快又好”转向“又好又快”，这是共和国历史上发展观深刻演变的产物，展示着具有鲜明中国特色的经济建设道路。经济适度持续增长、产业结构优化升级以及经济体制日臻完善是这一道路的集中标志，而其深厚的文化底蕴则是：理性文明的消费文化；激励、支撑的产业升级文化和促进改革的制度文化。为此，举国将面临充满希望而又前无古人的尖锐挑战。
