定语从句讲解高中
关于定语从句讲解高中 Ⅰ.概念： (1) 定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词后面。 (2) 先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。 (3) 引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。 关系词的作用： 1) 引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词； 2) 必在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语） 常用的关系代词: that、 which、 who、whom、as , 在从句中作主语，宾语，whose在从句中作定语) 常用的关系副词（在从句中只作状语）: when、why、 where The student who answered the question was John. I know the reason why he was so angry. The boy (whom) you are talking to is my brother. I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 定语从句三步： 第一找出先行词； 第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法-功能（做主语、宾语或状语）； 第三选择合适的关系词。 Ⅱ. 几个关系代词的基本用法： ●that: 可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。(指人时，相当于who或 whom；指物时，相当于which)(不用于非限制性定语从句; 不可置于介词后作宾语) 如： 1. Do you know the gentleman that/who spoke just now? 2. You can take anything ( that) you like. 3. What is the question (that/which) they are talking about? 4. Here is the man ( who/whom/that ) you want to see. 5. She's no longer the girl ( that) she used to be before. ●which: 指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。如： 1. The bookwhich/that was on the desk was bought by my father. 2. The book (which/that) I bought yesterday is very interesting. 3. The factory in which his father works is far from here. ●who, whom, whose: who: 主格, 在从句中作主语，在口语或非正式用法中作宾语; 只可指人 whom: 宾格，在从句中作宾语; 只可指人 whose: 属格，在从句中作定语，可指人也可指物。 1. I like the students who/that work hard. 2. All who heard the story were amazed. (代词如he, they, any, those, all, one等后多用who.) 3. He's a man from whom we should learn. = He's a man (whom/who/that) we should learn from. 4. A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan. 5. I'd like a room whose window faces south. =I'd like a room of which the window faces south. =I'd like a room the window of which faces south. 关系代词作介词宾语： （介词+ whom / which） 关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时, 介词可放于从句之首, 也可放于从句之末. 但以放于句首较为正式.（介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。） 1. This is the book for which you asked. =This is the book (that/which) you asked for. 2. Do you know the person with whom I shook hands？ = Do you know the person (whom/who/that) I shook hands with? 3. Is this the factory to which you paid a visit last week? 4. Is this factory the one to which you paid a visit last week? 5. This is the girl whom they are looking after. (介词after与look构成固定词组，不可前置。look at, look for, look after, take care of等) ●as 的用法:(as 引导定语从句, 在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语) ①如为限制性的`，多用于the same …as ; the same as；such …as …; as many/much as；so …as等结构中。 1. I have the same book as you (have). 我有一本和你的一样的书。 2. .---Why didn't you mention that in face of the police just now? --- I thought it was such a minor detail as was hardly worth mentioning. 3. Don't do such things as you are not sure about. 比较：I live in the same house that he used to live in. I'm wearing the same shirt as you wore yesterday. 比较：Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. （定语从句） Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.（结果状语从句） ②如为非限制性的，多单独引导一个定语从句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为"正如，这一点"。（动词常为know, see, expect, point out, etc.） As we all know, smoking is harmful to one's health . (as 作宾语) =As is known to all, smoking is harmful to one's health . （as 作主语） =It's known to all that smoking is harmful to one's health . =Smoking is harmful to one's health, as we all know .（as 作宾语） =Smoking, as we all know, is harmful to one' health. He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent. (宾语, 先行词是前面整个句子) Ⅲ. 关系副词引导的定语从句: ●When 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时间的名词（如：time, day, week, tear, month, etc.） He came last night when I was out. We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather would be better. 注意：先行词为"时间名词"，可用when引导定语从句，when在定语从句中作状语；还可以用which或that 引导，which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。 比较:1. I still remember the day when /on which my brother joined the army.（作状语） 2. I still remember the days which/that we spent together. （作宾语） 3. I shall never forget the day when Shen Zhou Ⅴ was launched, which has a great effect on my life. ●Where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词，如：place, school, factory, room, etc. This is the place where I was born. I live in the room where /in which he used to live. 注意：先行词是"地点名词"，定语从句可用where引导，还可用which或that引导，which/that 在从句中作主语或宾语。 比较: ※1. This is the factory where /in which he worked last year. （作状语） 2. I think you have got to the point where a change is needed, or you would fail. 3. He's got himself into a dangerous situation where he's likely to lose control of the plane. 4. This is the park which/that they visited last year. （作宾语） ●Why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。先行词为reason 时，可用for which指代；当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that 引导。如： 1. The reason why / for which / (that) he didn't attend the meeting was that he was ill. 2. I don't believe the reason (that/which) he gave me. （作宾语） 3. Have you asked him the reason that may explain his success? （作主语） 当先行词为way时，the way在从句中作状语时，定语从句常用that, in which,或how引导，that常可以省略。 the way在从句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that 引导。如: This is the way (that) /in which I do such things. 比较: Please do the experiment in the way （that/which）I have shown you. Ⅳ. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别： 1. 形式上，非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。 2. 语法上，非限制性定语从句一般不用that. 3. 语义上，限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密，起限定作用，如果去掉了这个定语从句，整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密，对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。 This is the book I like best. 这就是我最喜欢的那本书。 Beijing, which has been China's capital for more than 800 years, is rich in cultural and historic relics. 北京是中国八百年之久的古都，它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。 4. 翻译时，限制性定语从句可译为一句（较短的一般译为"的"字结构）；而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。（见上句翻译） 比较: He has a sister, who is a musician. He has a sister who is a musician. 引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词，指人时用who, whom, whose , 指物时用which , whose; 关系副词when，where, why, etc. 1. He studied hard at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life. 2. Tom's father, who arrived just now, is a famous scientist. Ⅴ. 几个易混淆的关系代词的比较: ●that & which: 在定语从句中，which 和that 在指代事物时，一般可以互换使用，但并非在任何情况下都是这样，这里介绍宜用that, 而不宜用which 的情况. ①先行词为不定代词,all, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等, 1.We should do all that is useful to the people . 2.There's nothing that can be said about it . 3.Do you mean the one that was bought yesterday? ②先行词被only, any, few, little, no, just, very, one of等词修饰时。 1.The only thing that we could do was to wait. 2.That's the very word that is wrongly used. 3. The last place (that) we visited was the chemical works. 比较 *This is one of the best novels that were published last year. This is the only one of the best novels that was published last year. ③先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。 1.When we talk about Wuxi, the first that comes into mind is Tai Lake. 2.This is the third film that has been shown in our school this term. ④先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。 1.This is the best that can be done now. 2.The most important thing that should be done right now is how to stop him from going on. ⑤先行词既有人又有物，用which和who都不适合，这时宜用that. 1.The writer and his novel that you have just talked about is really well known . 2.The rider and his bike that had run over an old woman were held up by the police. ⑥被修饰词为数词时. 1.Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water .Now you can see the two that are still alive . ⑦如果有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which ,另一个关系代词宜用that，以避免语言的单调或重复。 Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before. ⑧疑问词是who或which，关系代词宜用that，以避免重复。 1. Which is the book that you like best? 2. Who is the man that is standing at the gate? ⑨主句是There be 结构，修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词. 如： 1. There is still a seat in the corner that is still free. ⑩被修饰成分为表语时，或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时,该关系代词宜用that . 1. That's a good book that will help you a lot. 2. My home village is no longer the place ( that ) it used to be . 定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that 的情况: ①当关系代词的前面有介词时. 1.A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition. 2.Is this the room in which Mr. White lives? ②在非限制性定语从句中. 1.Crusoe's dog, which was are now very old, became ill and died . 2.More and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming popular in our country. (which指代主句) ③在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that, 另一个宜用which . 1. Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us. ④当关系代词后面带有插入语时. 1. Here's the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English. ⑤先行词本身是that, 宜用which . What's that which she is looking at? ⑥先行词是those+复数名词. A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best. ●who & that: who 和 that 指代人时，有些情况宜用who, 而不宜用that ①先行词为anyone, anybody, those, all, one, ones, they, he, people时. 如： 1.The person I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works well. 2.Anyone who (=Whoever) failed to come to the meeting yesterday must give his reason . 3.Those who are not fit for their work should leave office at once. ②在There be 结构中，修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词who 指代人. 如： 1.There is a gentleman who wants to see you . 2.There are several students in our class who are still not sure about the use of attributive clauses. ③当先行词有较长的后置定语时. 如： 1. I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese very well. ●as & which: as & which 引导非限制性定语从句的区别： ①位置的不同： which 引导的定语从句只置于所限制的句子后；as 位置较灵活，也就是说as可置于所限制的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后。如： 1. He was late again, which made his teacher very angry. 2. Jack, as you know, is an honest man. 或Jack is an honest man , as you know. 或As you know, Jack is an honest man. ②先行词的不同： as引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词多为一个句子； which引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词可以是一个词，一个短语或一个句子。 1. She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was. 2. He was proud, which I dislike very much.（先行词是一个句子） 3. He is an honest man, as is known to all. ③as 一般译为"正如""就像"，"这一点" as we all know；as you know; as is known to all; as you see; as we can see; as has been expected; as we have imagined.
高中英语语法之定语从句讲解
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分,定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种.状语从句分为时间状语从句,结果状语从句,让步状语从句,原因状语从句,条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句.名词从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型.
一、 限定性定语从句
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略.而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置
2. which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
3. 代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all, anything, much等,这时的that常被省略
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句
6. when引导定语从句表示时间
〔注〕值得一提的是,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.
I still remember the first time I met her.
Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导
二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常和主句间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2. 在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处.
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反.
We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了.
3. 有时as也可用作关系代词
4. 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物
三、定语从句结构错误
1. 缺关系词
2. 从句中缺成分
摘自《简明英语语法》
在英文中,有两种定语从句：限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句.这两种定语从句在其功能和形式方面都有明显的区别：
限定性定语从句限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧奏,对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用.如果将其去掉,会影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解.例如：
Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nationsin which they are located .
为了加速他们各自所在国家的经济发展,热带雨林作为有价值的原木和其他资源正为人们所砍伐.
Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.
洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候.
They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before.
他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因.
非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散,它与主句之间有一个逗点","隔开；它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用,只起补充、说明的作用.有时也用它来对全句进行补充、说明.即使将其去掉,也不会影响句子意思.由于上述原因,非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句.另外,非限定性定语从句在中文译文里,我们往往将其作为一个分句处理,而不把它作定语翻译. 例如：Earlier , the Babylonians had attempted to map the world , but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere , which was the form adopted by Ptolemy .
（此句中,非限定性定语从句是对先行词a sphere进行补充、说明.）
更早之前,巴比伦人曾试图绘制世界地图,但是他们把它绘制成平盘状而不是托勒密所采用的球体状.
The bination of satellites, which tran *** it information , puters , which store information , and television , which displays information , will change every home into an education and entertainment center .
（此句中,三个非限定性定语从句分别对三个先行词：satellites ,puters和television进行补充、说明.如果去掉这三个非限定性定语从句,那么句子可简化为：
The bination of satellites , puters and television will change every home into an education and entertainment center .）卫星能传输信息,计算机能储存信息,电视能显示信息,把这些手段结合起来可以使每个家庭都成为教育娱乐的中心.
The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .（此句中,非限定性定语从句是对全句进行补充、说明,将全句表达的意思看成"一件事情）.太阳给予大地热,这就使植物的生长成为可能.
The old man has a son , who is in the army .（此句中,非限定性定语从句是对先行词son进行补充、说明.但本句所传达的信息是："这位老人只有一个儿子" .如果将此句改写成限定性定语从句：
The old man has a son who is in the army . 那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子.那么,限定性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰.这样一来,句子所传达的信息就变成了："这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作,还有其他的儿子在干别的工作".）那位老人有一个儿子,他在部队工作.
英语定语从句讲解
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
定语从句功能及位置
功能：定语从句相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。
位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后。
例：Those who are willing to attend the party , sign your names here please.
定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。(定语从句的概念:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句.被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面.）
关系词:
引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，绝对没有what；关系副词有where, when, why,how等。关系词常有3个作用：
①连接作用，引导定语从句。
②代替主句中的先行词，甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主句。
③在定语从句中充当一句子成分。
注：关系代词有主语、宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。关系代词在从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语等，关系副词在从句中作地点状语，时间状语，原因状语等。
先行词:
被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。如The man The book
关系代词引导的定语从句举例
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1,who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，who作主语指人，whom作宾语指人，that既可作主语又可作宾语（作宾语可以省略），可以指人也可以指物。在从句中所起作用如下：
(1) Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那个想见你的男人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
(2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
（3）The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher 你刚刚说话的那个男人是我们的英语老师
2,Whose 用来指人或物
(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换，指人的时候也可以用of whom 代替）
(1) They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
(2) Please pass me the book whose color (the color of which) is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
(3) The man whose son is a doctor is our professor. 那个儿子是医生的男人是我们的教授。
3,which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，作宾语时可以省略，例如：
(1)Prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在从句中作主语）
(2) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿那个包裹快要散开了。(which / that在从句中作宾语）
4,as
as 可以做主语，也可以作宾语，作宾语时一般不省略，指人或者物。常与such as,the same as等短语连用。
5，as与which的区别
①as可以放在句首，而which不行
②as表示主观，which表示客观事实
③as引导非限制性定语从句
关系副词引导的定语从句
when指时间
在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
(2) The time when we got together finally came.
where指地点
在定语从句中做地点状语
(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
why指原因
在定语从句中做原因状语
(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
先行词和关系词
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替)
但这两句句子已经不是定语从句了，是名词性从句。因为定语从句一定要有先行词，而名词性从句没有。将“Whoever”、“what”分别用“Anyone who”、“all that”代替后，才是定语从句，先行词分别是“Anyone”、“all”。
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例题
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C。
此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。
which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B。
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。
As 的用法例
1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；
例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。
一、“as / which” 特殊定语从句的先行成分
1. 形容词或形容词短语作先行成分, 具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先行成分，如：
My grandmother’s house was always of great importance to me, as my own is.
在一定的语言环境里，有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的名词。值得一提的是，在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后，引导定语从句的关系代词不能用who / whom.
2. 动词短语先行成分。
这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是动态动词短语，它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词do和as / which一起代替。do可以出现，也可以不出现，但不能用其它动词代替。
3. 句子作先行成分。
这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时是连续几个句子，有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事。
二、“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置
由于先行成分的构成成分不同，“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况：
1. 形容词做先行成分时：形容词或形容词短语（含具有形容词性质的名词）作先行成分，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。
2. 动词短语作先行成分时：动词短语作先行成分时，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。但是，当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时，“as”特殊定语从句可以移至句子之首。
3. 句子作先行成分时：“as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活，可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引语，“as”特殊定语从句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句，“as”特殊定语从句与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产生不同的意义。由于“as”特殊定语从句具有这一特点，所以有时它的位置不能随便移动。在非正式的文体里，“which”特殊定语从句可以出现在先行成分之中。
三、“as/which”特殊定语从句的语义功能
一般说来，as与which的语义功能相同，可以相互替换。但先行成分为句子时，它们的语义功能则有差异。
1. 表示结果
表示结果的特殊定语从句与其先行成分之间存在着一定的因果关系，从句中往往使用有结果意义的词，如动词result, make, enable, cause和形容词interesting, surprising, delightful, disgraceful等。
2. 表示评注
表示评注的特殊定语从句对其先行成分所述事实的正确性有肯定的倾向，它通常与那些表示客观事实，普遍真理或某种习性的先行成分连用；从句中则常用一些表示“合乎自然规律”、“众所周知”或“经常发生”等意义的词语，如natural, known to all, usual等。
3. 有无状语意义
“as”特殊定语从句具有状语意义（主要是方式状语意义），而“which”特殊定语从句则无状语意义。“as”特殊定语从句的状语意义要求它在语义上与其先行成分的语义保持一致，“which”特殊定语从句则不受这种限制。
四、关系代词as与which的句法功能
1. as / which 在特殊定语从句中作主语。
as作主语时，谓语动词常为连系动词（主要是be, seem），主语补语为usual、 a rule、 a matter of fact等时，系动词be习惯经常省略。行为动词作“as”特殊定语从句的谓语时一般用于被动语态（其中助动词be常略），不及物的行为动词在“as”特殊定语从句中作谓语的极少，常见的有happen一词。如：
Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference.
Which作主语时，谓语动词不限，主动被动皆可，只是谓语动词为被动语态时助动词be省略。
2. as和which都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语。
3. as和 which在特殊定语从句中作补语。如：
We thought him a gentleman, as/which he could never be.
“as”特殊定语从句中可以主谓倒装，“which”从句中则不能主谓倒装。
如果先行成分不是主语补语或宾语补语，关系代词用which而不用as。如：
He talked like a native, which/as he hardly was.
4. which在特殊从定语句中作定语。
which可以在特殊定语从句中作定语，修饰fact, matter, thing 等名词。这些名词代表先行成分表达的意义，有时将其略去句义仍然完整。as不能作定语。如：
I was told to go not by train but bus, which advice I followed.
定语从句讲解
一、了解定语从句及相关术语 1. 定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面，相当于形容词在句中作定语。 2. 先行词：被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。 3. 关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that，which，who，whom，whose，as等；关系副词有where，when，why等。 He is the man who I want to see. 他就是我想见的人。 先行词 关系词 定语从句 二、掌握关系代词及其作用 最常用的关系代词是who, whom, whose, that，which和as。关系代词同时起了两个作用。它们可以像别的代词一样，可以代表一个名词，在定语从句中用作主语或宾语，同时，它们又起到了连词的作用，把主句和从句连接起来。 1. who指人，在定语从句中一般做主语。如： Do you know the man who is speaking to your father? 你认识和你爸爸讲话的那个人吗？(定语从句修饰先行词the man，who在定语从句中作is speaking的主语） This is the stranger who helped us yesterday. 这是昨天帮助我们的那个陌生人。 She is the girl who works hard at maths. 她就是那个努力学习数学的女孩。 2. whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。在口语或非正式文体中，whom可以省略。如： He is the man (whom) we just talked about. 他就是我们刚才谈论的那个人。 The boy (whom) we met in the street yesterday is my classmate. 我们昨天在大街上遇到的那个男孩是我的同学。 3. whose既可以指人，也可以指物，在定语从句中作定语修饰它后面的名词。如： This is the girl whose father is a policeman. 这就是那个爸爸是警察的女孩。 They live in a house whose windows face south. 他们住在一座窗子朝南的房子里。 4. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语。作宾语时可以省略。如： Physics is a subject which is very difficult to learn. 物理是一门很难学的科目。（在定语从句中做主语，不能省略） Apples are the fruit (which) she likes best. 苹果是她最喜欢的水果。 5. that既可以指人，也可以指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语。指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。that在从句中作宾语时可省略。如： He is the man that lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那个人。 We like programs that are very interesting. 我们喜欢有趣的节目。 She is the woman （that） we saw in the bookshop. 她是我们在书店见到的那名妇女。 6. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或者宾语。如： The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. 来这个城市参观的.人数每年增长一百万。 Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? 今天早晨我看见的那个人在哪里？ 三、掌握关系副词及其作用 关系副词有when、where、why，他们在引导定语从句时，既在定语从句中充当状语，又起连接作用。 1. When指时间，在定语从句中充当时间状语。如： I still remember the day when I first came to Dalian. 我仍然记得第一次来大连那天的情景。 He told me the date when he joined the party. 他告诉了我他入党的时间。 They stayed with me for three weeks when they drank all the wine I had.他们和我一起住了三个星期，在那三周里，把我所有的葡萄酒都喝光了。 2. where指地点、在定语从句中充当地点状语。如： This is the house where we lived when we were young. 这就是我们小时候住的房子。 This is the village where I grew up. 这就是我长大的那个村庄。 Hangzhou is a city where there is a beautiful lake. 杭州是个有一个美丽的湖泊的城市。 3. why指原因，在定语从句中充当原因状语。如： I know the reason why he was late for the meeting. 我知道他开会迟到的原因。 Do you know the reason why he refused the invitation? 你知道他拒绝应邀的原因吗？ That is the reason why I’ve changed so much. 那就是我变化这么快的原因。 四、学习定语从句应该注意的问题 1. 关系代词和关系副词的选用 如果先行词是表示时间或地点的名词，不能就一律断定要用关系副词when或where，务必要看引导词在从句中作什么成分，如果作状语，用关系副词，如做主语或宾语要用关系代词。当reason做先行词时，也需注意其引导词在从句中作什么成分，不能断定一概用why来引导。如： I’ll never forget the time when we worked together. 我将永远不会忘记我们一起工作的时光。 （work是不及物动词，when在定语从句中作状语，故用关系副词。） I’ll never forget the time (which/that) we spent together. 我将永远不会忘记我们一起渡过的时光。 spend是及物动词，which/that在定语从句中作宾语，故用关系代词，也可以省略。） This is the factory where he worked before. 这是他以前工作过的工厂。（work是不及物动词，where在定语从句中作状语。） This is the factory which/that he visited before. 这是他以前参观过的工厂。（visit是及物动词，which/that在从句中作宾语，亦可省略。） The reason why I was absent yesterday was that I was ill. 我昨天缺席的原因是我生病了。定语从句中缺状语，表示原因，故用关系副词why） The reason that he explained for his being late was that he had missed the early bus.他所解释的迟到的原因是他误了头班汽车。（explain是及物动词，that在从句中作其宾语） 再看一个例题： （1）This is the factory ________ I visited last year. （2）This is the factory _______ I worked last year. （3）This is the factory _______ produces all kinds of TV sets. A. where B. which C. whom D. whose 以上三个句子只有细微的差别，但答案却不同：（1）和（3）选B. which。（2）选A. where。做这种题时，要看先行词与定语从句中谓语动词之间的关系；（1）中是动宾关系，即I visited the factory，因此选which。（2）中factory应在定语从句中作地点状语，即：I worked in the factory，因此选where。（3）中是作定语从句中的主语，不作地点状语，因此选which。 2. 限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况 1）当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时。如： Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said? 你把李先生说的话都记下来了吗？ There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world. 在他看来世界上似乎没有不可能的是。 All that can be done has been done.所有能做的事情都做了。 2）当先行词被序数词修饰。如： The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 他们在伦敦参观的第一个地方就是“大本钟”。 3）当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如： I think the film Assembly is the best film that I have seen. 我认为电影《集结号》是我看过的最好的电影。 4）当形容词被the very, the only 修饰时。如： This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这就是我想买的那本辞典。 After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned. 房子失火以后，那辆旧汽车就是他唯一的财产。 5）当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如： Who is the man that is standing there? 站在那儿那个人是谁？ Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?哪件T恤适合我穿？ 6）当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时。如： Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?你还记得我们学到的那个科学家及他的理论吗？ 3. 区分定语从句和同位语从句 1）定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系。如： The plane that has just taken off is for London. 刚起飞的飞机是去伦敦的。（定语从句） The fact that he has been dead is clear. 他已经死亡的事实是清楚的。（同位语从句） 2）定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导，充当成分。如： The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money.我们现在面临的问题是怎样筹集那么多钱。 （定语从句） The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. 怎样筹集钱的问题很难解决。（同位语从句） 3）同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以。如： The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all.地球绕着太阳转这一事实是众所周知的。（同位语从句） The fact is that the earth moves around the earth. 这个事实就是地球绕着太阳转。 3. 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如： There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？ 4. that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如： His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。 五、考点链接 1. 考查that Do you still remember the chicken farm _______ we visited three months ago? A. where B. when C. that D. what (2005北京春) 【解析】C、从句中visited 是及物动词，而且没有宾语，要用关系代词引导定语从句。 2. 考查who，whom和whose 1）Women _______ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those ________ don’t. A. who; 不填 B. 不填; who C. who; who D. 不填表; 不填（2006北京卷） 【解析】C、第一空定语从句缺少主语，必须用who，不能省略；第二空也是关系代词作主语，不能省略。 2）Look out! Don’t get too close to the house______ roof is under repair. A. whose B. which C. of which D. what （2006福建卷） 【解析】A、从句中缺少的是roof的定语，在定语从句中关系代词作定语用whose，whose可以修饰人，也可以修饰物。 3. 考查when，where和when 1）—Where did you get to know her? —It was on the farm _________ we worked. （2007 山东卷） A. that B. there C. which D. where 【解析】D、work是不及物动词，不需要宾语，所以用where引导定语从句。
定语从句怎么结构
定语从句结构为：定语从句=先行词+关系词+从句定语从句，一个句子跟在一名词或代词（先行词）后进行修饰限定，就叫做定语从句。通俗来讲，从句在整个句子中做定语，这个从句就叫做定语从句。从句在主句中充当定语成分。被修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况，它通常只能放在被修饰的词（即先行词）之后。定语 从句由关系词（关系代词、关系副词）引导，关系代词、关系副词位于定语从句句首。扩展资料限定性从句和非限定性从句的区别（1）从结构上来看，限定性从句不能用逗号与先行词分开；而非限定性从句却必须用逗号分开。引导非限定性从句的关系代词不能省略。例如：The clock，which my great-grandfather bought,is still in good order.这时钟是我曾祖父买的，现 在还是走得很准。（2）两种形容词性从句往往赋予同一个先行词以不同的含义。例如：My sister who lives in London is a doctor.我住在伦敦的妹妹是医生。My sister,who lives in London,is a doctor.我的妹妹是一个医生，她住在伦敦。（3）非限定性从句可以把整个主句当作先行词，而限定性从句没有这种功能。非限定性从句修饰整个主句时，只能用which或as来引导。例如：I said nothing，which made him still more angry.我一声不吭，这使他更加生气。He was a Frenchman,as I could tell from his accent.他是个法国人，我从他的口音中可以听出来。He was drunk,which seemed to make a bad impression on the policeman.他喝醉了，这似乎给警察留下了不好的印象。参考资料来源：百度百科—定语从句
如何判断定语从句
判断定语从句如下：第一步判断先行词：先来看个句子：The tall boy published a lot of books. (那个高个子男孩出版了许多书。）我们都知道这句话中的tall是定语，用来修饰boy。再比如：The girl who works as a waitress here is a college student. (那个在这里当服务员的女孩是一名大学生。）这句话中的who works as a waitress here用来修饰girl。其功能相当于前面例句中的tall，只不过这里的定语是个句子，用来解释说明前面的名词girl，此时who works as a waitress here就叫做定语从句，被这个定语从句修饰的词girl即为先行词。第二步判断定语从句是否完整：一般来说，有关定语从句的试题通常考查的都是关系词的选择。因此在判断先行词、确定句子为定语从句后，接下来需要判定从句是否完整。然后才能决定使用哪个关系词来连接。既然确定是定语从句，那么关系词在从句中要充当句子成分，所以判断从句是否完整至关重要。那么如何判断从句是否完整呢？大家可通过以下步骤来进行判定。
